See additionally Contratenor (Countertenor). continuo. A function of ensemble tune within the 17th and eighteenth centuries, including a bass line performed on a melodic software, including a chord-playing device (usually both a harpsichord or organ); the particular song of the latter was once improvised through the expert participant, even though it is frequently written out in smooth variants. whereas a few cantata pursuits and vocal concertos have been written for voice and continuo (without extra instruments), this sort of accompaniment is most often heard within the recitatives of operas, oratorios, and cantatas. Continuo accompaniment remained fashionable for dry recitative (or recitativo secco) throughout the operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) and Gioacchino Rossini (1792–1868). It used to be ultimately rendered out of date with the loss of life of the quantity opera within the early 19th century, while operatic ratings turned extra seamless and symphonic in nature. contrafactum. A vocal paintings within the medieval and Renaissance eras during which a brand new sacred textual content replaces an unique secular one. contralto. one of many seven primary classical voice different types and the bottom of the 3 girl voice kinds. The German Fach process identifies 4 subcategories of contraltos: the Spielalt, lyrischer Alt, dramatischer Alt, and tiefer Alt. even supposing the Fach procedure makes a transparent contratenor (countertenor). a class within the German Fach approach. The contratenor (countertenor) is the top male classification within the twenty-nine Kloiber Fach process designations, stationed one spot less than the tiefer Alt at the chart and one spot above the haute-contre. Contratenors (countertenors) are primarily male falsettists. Contratenor (countertenor) roles comprise Nerone in Monteverdi’s L’incoronazione di Poppea (1643); Oberon in Britten’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1960); and lots of roles via Handel, together with the identify roles in Ariodante (1735), Giulio Cesare (1724), Orlando (1733), Rinaldo (1611), and Tamerlano (1724). lots of the baroque roles within the contratenor (countertenor) class have been initially written for castrati. See the Fach chart in appendix C. coon music. A dated, racist time period for a particular form of tune written in African American dialect or with black musical features. well known through the latter 1/2 the 19th century and the start of the 20th century. See minstrel express, minstrel music, parlor music, plantation track. coordinated sign up. See combined sign up. copertura. The means of making a song with a voce chiusa timbre rather than a voce aperta timbre. coping playing cards. a method borrowed from psychotherapy utilized in the administration of musical functionality nervousness (MPA). The singer writes down optimistic statements approximately his or her functions on playing cards whereas in an ordinary psychological nation to consult during periods whilst experiencing MPA. copla. A Spanish tune style that has been in use because the fourteenth century. The time period copla derives from the poetic type of a similar identify, which is composed of four-line poetic stanzas with an ABCB rhyme scheme.