Animal husbandry because the earliest instances the close to japanese peasant has been interested by the elevating of sheep, goats, farm animals, horses, mules, camels, pigs and poultry. within the interval of Frankish rule this endured, notwithstanding with yes alterations in emphasis. In an inventory of the names of settlers at Magna Mahumeria (al-Bira), surnames look which denote the occupations of a few of the citizens. those comprise 3 names CRUSADER ARCHAEOLOGY eighty one Plate three. 10 Kouklia: the sugar refinery (photograph via the writer) hooked up to animal husbandry: camelarius (camel raiser or camel driver), caprellus (goatherd) and porcarius (swineherd). The camel (camelus dromedarius) appears to be like as a pack animal on a few types of the thirteenthcentury map of Akko drawn by way of Matthew of Paris, in a single example being led through the camelarius (C. Corpus Christi, Cambridge CCC, MS 16). Camels weren't purely used for delivery but additionally for ploughing or to paintings a mill or antilliya (wheel mechanism used to elevate water from a well). They have been additionally raised for his or her milk and meat. The donkey used to be mostly used as a pack animal. It additionally appears to be like on one model of the map of Matthew of Paris (C. Corpus Christi, Cambridge CCC, MS 26). the pony performed a extra vital position in Frankish existence and we're good familiar with its value in war (Plate three. 11). the executive activity of the pony in farm lifestyles was once to tug the plough. within the West the pony steadily changed the ox from round the 10th century, and the impression of this improvement was once huge, immense. the pony was once a few 50 consistent with cent speedier and will additionally paintings longer hours. 20 besides the fact that, at the moment we lack archaeological proof for using the pony in agriculture within the East, and in all likelihood the move from ox to horse didn't ensue. 21 within the close to East farm animals (Bos taurus) maintained their conventional value, pleasing a number of initiatives in agriculture and in delivery. Oxen have been used to hold heavy quite a bit and to plough, and farm animals have been crucial resource of either meat and milk. as well as delivering wool, the household sheep (Ovis aries) and goat, (Capra hircus) have been very important supplementary assets of meat and milk. As with the manufacture of wine, the elevating of pigs most likely underwent a 82 the agricultural panorama Plate three. eleven Vadum Jacob: a horse killed on 30 August 1179 within the Ayyubid assault (photograph via Buki Boaz) revival within the Crusader interval. Islamic legislations expressly forbids their intake, and in so much websites throughout the interval of Muslim rule the ratio of pigs compared to farm animals, sheep and goats is low. 22 whilst Christian rule was once restored less than the Franks the elevating of pigs should have loved a substantial raise. The pig is valued since it quickly reaches the degree the place it may be slaughtered and, being an omnivore, you can feed. family pigs are stored exclusively for meat. simply because they seem to be a aggressive meals purchaser with people, it truly is extra monetary for a farmer to maintain just a couple of pigs into maturity for breeding reasons and to slaughter so much of them whereas nonetheless younger (Kolska Horowitz and Dahan 1996: 252).