JA61. E54 2005 320′. 03—dc22 2005002334 This publication is outlined on acid-free paper. 05 06 07 08 10 nine eight 7 6 five four three GOLSON BOOKS, LTD. employees: President and Editor: Geoff Golson dealing with Editor: Laura Laurie layout Director: Kevin Hanek replica Editor and Proofreader: Martha Whitt, Lori Kranz Indexer: Gail Liss 2 1 SAGE guides employees: buying Editor: Rolf Janke Editorial Assistant: Sara Tauber creation Editor: Denise Santoyo Proofreader: Doris Hus construction Artist: Michelle Lee Kenny ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POLITICS quantity 1 CONTENTS The Left advent vii Reader’s consultant xi Timeline of Politics xv checklist of participants xxi checklist of Articles xxiii Articles A to Z 1 Index additionally SEE quantity 1021 2: the perfect Introduction The Left and the ideal even supposing the excellence among the politics of the left and the correct is usually assumed within the media and in remedies of political technological know-how and heritage, the phrases are used so loosely that the scholar and the final reader are frequently burdened: What precisely are the phrases left and correct alleged to suggest? during this twovolume encyclopedia, we have now assembled over 450 articles on participants, pursuits, political events, and ideological rules, with these often considered left within the left-hand quantity and people thought of at the correct, within the right-hand quantity. The phrases left and correct are derived from the political divisions within the French Constituent meeting, shaped in the course of the French Revolution in 1790. Sitting at the correct of the meeting have been those that preferred the renovation of the monarchy and a extra average process switch, the Girondins, whereas at the left within the meeting sat those that needed to overthrow the prevailing procedure and determine a extra egalitarian republic, the Jacobins. The phrases left and correct caught, with the left often representing the radicals of politics and the precise representing the conservatives. Over the subsequent century, with the increase of utopian socialism and later, Marxism, these offering conversion of the technique of construction from inner most estate to social estate held in universal have been considered as leftists, whereas these trying to protect the established order have been considered as rightists. The phrases handed into universal parlance and have become convenient labels, either for severe scholars of politics, and to be used by means of publicists, politicians, and observers. For these curious about politics, the phrases quickly turned seriously charged with overtones. by means of the center of the nineteenth century, many fans of Karl Marx took delight in relating to themselves as additional to the left and could frequently designate their very own fractional team or wing of the occasion because the Left Socialists. after all, as propaganda, any such label was once now not regularly worthy, for it can recommend that these belonging to the left staff have been out on the edge of opinion with just a couple of adherents. accordingly, V. I. Lenin particular his small wing of the Russian Socialist celebration because the majority wing (even although it basically held a majority at one short assembly in 1903), or “Bolshevik” in Russian.