Over the subsequent centuries, typical bishoprics have been instituted all over. An administrative survey from the 1st a long time of the 12th century lists a few twenty Scandinavian bishoprics. forty Iceland bought its first bishopric, in Skalholt, in 1056, and Greenland was once supplied with its personal bishop at Gardar in 1124. The association of the medieval episcopacy in Scandinavia used to be accomplished whilst a bishop used to be appointed for Finland within the early 13th century. He used to be quickly to live in Turku (Åbo) at the west coast. The Scandinavian Church was once subordained to the German archbishop in Hamburg-Bremen, which was once a thorn within the facet of Scandinavian rulers, considering the fact that they may hence be considered topics of the German emperor. They most well liked a church self sufficient of international powers and labored with the pope to complete this. the various schisms among the pope and the German emperor (often supported by means of the archbishop in Bremen) within the overdue 11th and 12th centuries helped their reason, and Pope Paschal II promoted the bishop of Lund in Denmark to archbishop in 1103. The Scandinavian Church had hence come of age and develop into self sufficient of Hamburg-Bremen. Cardinal Bishop Nicolaus Breakspear, an Englishman trained in France, visited all 3 of the Scandinavian kingdoms within the early 1150s, and his journey signaled that the quarter had develop into a customary province inside Christendom, newly switched over to make sure, yet now not a venture zone. The pope had given Nicolaus the task of making an archbishopric for every of the 2 kingdoms that lacked it. Denmark already had a pace-setter for its church in Lund, whereas the cardinal now promoted Trondheim in Norway to an archiepiscopal see. The cathedral stands just a couple of kilometers from the place Earl Håkon in basic terms a hundred and sixty years previous had presided over his pagan sacrifices and mythographical poets. whilst Nicolaus got here to Sweden, he chanced on the rustic within the throes of a violent civil battle, and he judged the time now not correct for developing any archbishopric there. The cardinal nonetheless controlled to arrange a gathering of the Swedish church in Linköping in 1153, the place he possibly instructed the warring Swedes to make peace after which agree on which bishop can be promoted. On his manner domestic, the cardinal left with Archbishop Eskil of Lund the pallium (a liturgical woolen vestment having a look a bit like a headband that the pope ordinarily gave to every archbishop) that he had introduced for the recent head of the Swedish church province. while the Swedes eventually have been in a position to make peace, Eskil used to be to provide it to a brand new Swedish archbishop. This occurred in 1164 in Sens, France, whilst Eskil within the presence of Pope Alexander III consecrated the Cistercian monk Stephen the 1st archbishop of Uppsala. Scandinavia was once nonetheless moderately populated and much clear of Rome, and its population had a lot to benefit approximately Christianity, yet own contacts among Scandinavians and the best Christians of the time show that the area was once now firmly part of the ecu Church. Archbishop Eskil in Lund used to be a chum and correspondent of the well-known theologian and preacher Bernard of Clairvaux, who may perhaps even have been Archbishop Stephen’s first abbot.