Bronze coin of Cunobelinus, depicting a ship ameliorations in hillfort development, at the obverse and a winged Victory at the opposite. it really is, even though, transparent that no unmarried rationalization suffices and that different neighborhood elements have been vital. From c. four hundred BC, the weather began to enhance, and by way of the tip of the Iron Age used to be most likely just like at the present time. This should have been major for the rural alterations of the Later Iron Age, while many elements of england observed frequent growth of payment onto heavier, damper soils on the price of woodland and marginal land (Haselgrove 1989). Agricultural intensification is attested via better use of manuring and crop rotation to keep up soil fertility; ditches for drainage; and through the swap to cereal vegetation appropriate for heavier soils. The dramatic raise within the variety of Later Iron Age settlements very likely exhibits a emerging inhabitants, even if even if as a reason or a outcome of agricultural advancements is uncertain. In Wessex, the built hillforts exerted ever higher dominance over their surrounding territories. somewhere else, frequent woodland clearance and colonization of marginal environments recommend demographic strain, for which different symptoms comprise episodes of hillfort development in Essex and the Welsh Marches and elevated payment aggregation in japanese England. those pressures have been steadily alleviated via emerging agricultural creation. in lots of instances, the colonization of latest land was once observed through the laying out of intensive box platforms, just like the brickwork fields of Nottinghamshire and South Yorkshire (although their relationship is contentious) and the coaxial box structures of East Anglia, or through a large-scale panorama reorganization, as within the Trent Valley. This enlargement into thinly settled parts should be associated with expanding specialization of construction, obvious within the first large-scale exploitation of iron assets within the Weald, the East Midlands and the Vale of York, and within the progress of cloth creation, glass and shale-working and pottery manufacture in marginal components just like the Somerset degrees and the Isle of Purbeck (Dorset). via the top of the Iron Age, lots of those had develop into full-time expert corporations. Settlers in those agriculturally unpromising environments can have constructed items for trade to offset this drawback. one other hazard is that such actions have been intentionally peripherally positioned as the exterior contacts they inspired have been considered as a probability to the social order (Sharples 1991). Such teams often seem extra leading edge than others, in all probability simply because they lacked the deep-rooted social relationships that characterised alreadypopulous components. • one hundred thirty • Colin Haselgrove From a hundred and fifty BC, southern Britain underwent a chain of alterations that mark an intensive holiday from the previous centuries, with Roman energy and effect ultimately assuming a key position. An early symptom used to be the circulate of Gallo-Belgic gold, and native forged bronze (‘potin’), coinage in south-east England.