Alexandrowicz, ‘Freitas as opposed to Grotius’, British Yearbook of foreign legislation,  (), –. [John Selden,] Of the kingdom, Or, possession of the ocean, trans. Marchamont Nedham (London, ), . Selden’s annotated operating copies of Welwod’s Abridgement and De Dominio Maris are Bodleian Library shelfmarks o G. . Jur. Seld. ,  and ; the latter is quoted in Selden, Mare Clausum seu De Dominio Maris (London, ), –. [Sir Julius Caesar,] ‘Notes Out of a publication known as Mare Liberum, sive De Jure Quod Batavis Competit advert Indicana Commercia Dissertatio’ (c. ), BL MS Lansdowne , ff. r–r; Fulton, Sovereignty of the ocean, –, n. . Hugo Grotius, trans. Richard Hakluyt, ‘The unfastened Sea or A Disputation about the correct wch ye Hollanders should need to the Indian Marchandize for buying and selling’ (post ), internal Temple Library, MS . Hakluyt translated different Dutch fabric (in Latin) on the subject of the East Indies for the corporate in : D. B. Quinn, ‘A Hakluyt Chronology’, in Quinn (ed. ), The Hakluyt instruction manual,  vols. (London, ), , .  The ideological origins of the British Empire flip the main of the liberty of the seas, which the Dutch had lately asserted opposed to the Spanish and the Portuguese, opposed to the Dutch themselves; so much satirically of all, that precept used to be thrown within the face of Hugo Grotius himself, who used to be one of many 4 Dutch commissioners despatched to barter with the English East India corporation. The English had no compunction in not easy mare liberum within the East Indies although they'd prior asserted mare clausum within the British seas, because the Dutch, ‘contrary to the generall legislations of countries which admitteth a communion and liberty of trade, might search up to lyes in them to prevent [the English] from tradeing in these parts’. Their argument was once, in effect, Grotian, although the English commissioners could have been unaware that they have been addressing Mare Liberum’s writer, as the paintings had remained nameless due to the fact that its ebook 4 years past. The English rebuttal concluded with a citation from the ‘assertor Maris liberi ’ to the effect that, less than the ius gentium, freedom of alternate (commercandi libertas) can't be constrained with no the consent of all peoples: the resource of the main was once, in fact, Grotius, within the 8th bankruptcy of his Mare Liberum. To this, Grotius himself answered that Dutch advertisement regulations relied upon treaties with the Indian rulers, and (citing the fifth bankruptcy of Mare Liberum) ‘the proponent of mare liberum doesn't disagree with this, and establishes liberty in every single place earlier than contract has been given’ (ubique libertatem statuit ante consensum praestitum).  Grotius’s self-defence (though he didn't recognize it as such) was once clever, no longer least since it left the bigger typical jurisprudential declare to freedom of navigation and trade unchallenged. It additionally marks a level within the transition in the direction of Grotius’s mature concept of estate in De Jure Belli ac Pacis (), during which he validated the position of consent as basic to the transition from common neighborhood to non-public estate.