29 (p. 23 Euclid, geometrician, and Ptolemy: Euclid (fourth and 3rd centuries B. C. ) is a Greek mathematician from Alexandria whose parts varieties the foundation of geometry. Ptolemy (active in Alexandria, A. D. 127-C-170) is a Greek mathematician and astronomer whose Almagest supplied the dominant interpretation of the heavenly our bodies and the universe’s constitution till overtaken through the Copernican method within the past due Renaissance. Dante’s perspectives of the cosmos are seriously indebted to Ptolemy’s theories, fairly the view that the planets and the sunlight revolve round the earth. 30 (p. 23) Galen, Hippocrates, and Avicenna: Galen (A. D. 129—C. 201), a Greek health care provider who practiced in Alexandria and Rome, wrote quite a few scientific treatises that shaped an incredible physique of clinical wisdom. Hippocrates (C. 460-377 B. C. ), the Greek health practitioner, is taken into account to be the founding father of the scientific occupation. Avicenna, or Ibn Sina (A. D. 980-1037), the best-known thinker and health practitioner of Islam within the heart a while, wrote various treatises in Persian and Arabic, together with very important commentaries at the works of Galen and Aristotle. 31 (p. 23 Averroes: sometimes called Ibn Rushd, this twelfth-century Arab pupil (C. 1126-1198) from Moorish Spain wrote commentaries on Aristotle that have been key texts for the medieval Christian, or Scholastic, realizing of the Greek thinker; Thomas Aquinas, for example, wrote vital commentaries on his interpretations of Aristotle. Dante’s inclusion of 3 ”infidels’—Saladin, Avicenna, and Averroes—in Limbo represents a brave highbrow selection, one who didn't replicate the opinion of the Catholic Church. however, Dante doesn't hesitate to sentence Mu hammad (C. 570—632, the founding father of Islam, to the punishments of Hell (canto XXVIII: 22-31) with the sowers of spiritual discord. So, even if Dante was once beneficiant along with his highbrow tolerance, there have been limits to his non secular tolerance. CANTO V 1 (p. 25) right down to the second one: As Virgil and Dante the Pilgrim descend, they input the second one circle of Hell, the place, adequately conversing, the true punishments start. Carnal lust and sins of the flesh are punished right here, and it's important to recollect that even supposing Dante considers those sins to be the least critical (because they're punished in a position that's closest to the pinnacle of Hell), they're nonetheless heinous sufficient to benefit everlasting damnation. the second one circle occupies, or “begirds,” much less house, as the pit of Hell is formed like an inverted funnel that will get smaller and smaller the farther down one descends. 2 (p. 25) There standeth Minos.... as grades he needs it's going to be thrust down: As is often the case within the Inferno, Dante employs a determine from classical mythology—here Minos, the son of Europa and Zeus—to offer the monsters that populate his Christian Hell. Minos used to be supposedly so simply that he used to be made pass judgement on of the lifeless, a functionality he serves within the Aeneid, booklet VI. in spite of the fact that, Dante has remodeled him from a person right into a scary monster who serves as Hell’s gatekeeper and determines the circle of Hell during which a sinner belongs.